Executive functioning skills are essential for children and adolescents, playing a crucial role in their ability to manage tasks, make decisions, and interact socially. By age, these skills develop progressively, each stage building upon the last.

1. Working Memory: By ages 4 to 5, children begin to improve their ability to hold and manipulate information, such as remembering a simple instruction. By age 7, they can track multiple pieces of information simultaneously.

2. Cognitive Flexibility: Around age 6, children start to demonstrate improved flexibility in thinking, such as switching between tasks or adapting to new rules in games. By age 10, they can more effectively shift perspectives in social situations.

3. Inhibition Control: At age 4, children begin to learn to suppress impulses and wait for their turn in games. By age 8, they can resist distractions more effectively, focusing on completing tasks even in challenging environments.

4. Planning and Organisation: By age 5, children may show early signs of planning when completing simple tasks, laying the groundwork for more complex organisational skills that typically develop around age 10.

5. Emotional Regulation: By age 6, children start recognising their emotions and practising self-soothing techniques. By age 12, they can identify triggers and implement coping strategies to manage stress.

6. Task Initiation: By age 5, children can begin tasks independently, although usually with prompts. By age 10, they can start projects with little prompting and demonstrate increased responsibility for their activities.

7. Goal-Setting: Around ages 7 to 8, children begin to set simple goals for themselves, evolving into more complex, long-term goals by the age of 12.

8. Metacognition: By age 9, children begin to reflect on their thinking processes, allowing them to assess their understanding and adapt their learning strategies by age 13.

9. Self-Monitoring: At around age 8, children start to recognise their strengths and weaknesses. By age 12, they demonstrate more sophisticated self-assessment techniques.

10. Social Skills: By age 5, children are starting to learn the basics of sharing and cooperation, while by age 11, they engage in more complex interactions and develop deeper friendships.

As children grow, these executive functioning skills continue to mature, nurturing their academic success and personal development. Understanding these milestones can help parents and educators provide the right support at crucial developmental stages.